Minimum Wages Act 1948

THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT 1948

(11 of 1948)

An Act to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain
employments

Whereas it is expedient to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments;

1. Short title and extent. -(1) This Act may be called the Minimum Wages Act, 1948

2. Interpretation. - In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, -

(a) "adult", "adolescent" and "child" have the meanings respectively assigned to them in section 2 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948);

(i) in relation to any scheduled employment carried on by or under the authority of the Central Government, or a railway administration. Or in relation to; a mine, oilfield or major port. Or any corporation established by a Central Act, the Central Government, and

(c) 'competent authority" means the authority appointed by the appropriate Government by notification on its Official Gazette to ascertain from time to time the cost of; living index number applicable to the employees employed in the scheduled employments specified in such notification;

(d) "cost of living index number" in relation to employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed, means the index number. Ascertained and declared by the competent authority by notification in the Official Gazette to the cost of living index number applicable to employee in such employment;

(e) "employer" means any person who employs, whether directly or through another person. Or whether on behalf of himself or any other person one or more employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, and includes, except in sub-section (3) of section 26, -

(i) in a factory where there is carried on any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act any, any

1. Expression "except the State of Jammu and Kashmir" omitted by Act 51 of 1970, S. 2 and Sch.

Person named under clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 7 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948), as manager of the Factory ;

(ii) in any scheduled employment under the control of any Government in India in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been foxed under this Act, the person or authority appointed by such Government for the supervision and control of employees or where no person authority is so appointed, the head of the Department ;

(iii) in any scheduled employment under any local authority in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, the person appointed by such authority for supervision and control of employees or where no person is so appointed, the executive officer of the local authority ;

(iv) in any other case where there is carried on any scheduled employment in respect in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been foxed under this Act, any person responsible to the owner for the supervision and control of the employees or for the payment of wages ;

(g) "scheduled employment" means an employment specified in the schedule, or any process or branch of work forming part of such employment;

(h) "wages" means all remuneration, capable of being expressed in terms of money, which would, if the terms of the contract of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to a person employed in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment, and includes house rent allowance but does not include-

(b) any other amenity or any service excluded by general or special order of the appropriate Government ;

(ii) any contribution paid by the employer to any pension fund or provident fund or under any scheme of social insurance;

(iv) any sum paid to the person employed to defray special expenses entailed on him by nature of his employment ; or

(i) "employee" means any person who is employed for hire or reward to do any work, skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical, in a scheduled employment in work, skilled or unskilled, manual or clerical, in a scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed ; and includes an outworker to whom any articles or materials are given out by another person to be made up, cleaned, washed, altered, ornamented; finished, repaired, adapted or otherwise processed for sale the purposes of the trade or business of that other person where the process is to be carried out either in the home of the outworker or in some other premises not being premises under the control and management of that other person and also includes an employee declared to be an employee by appropriate Government ; but does not includes any number of the armed forces of the union.

NOTES- A contractor when becomes the employer within the meaning of the Act: Sarju Prasad Ramcharan v. State of Madhya Pradesh, 1977 MPLJ 474.

3. fixing of minimum rates of wages. -(1) The APPROPRIATE government shall, in the manner hereinafter provided, -

(a) fix the minimum rates of wages payable to employees employed in an employment specified in part I or part II of the Schedule and in an employment added to either part by notification under section 27:

Provided that appropriate Government may, in respect of employees employed in an employment specified in Part II of the Schedule, instead of fixing minimum rates of wages under this clause or the whole State, fix such rates for a part of the States or part thereof ;

(b) review at such intervals as it may think fit, such intervals not exceeding five years, the minimum rates of wages so fixed and revise the minimum rates if necessary:

Provided that where for any reason the appropriate Government has not received the minimum rates of wages so fixed by it in respect of any scheduled employment within an intervals of five years, nothing contained in this clause shall be deemed to prevent it reviewing the minimum rates after the expiry of the said period of five years and revising them if necessary, and until they are so revised are so revised the minimum rates in force immediately before the expiry of the said period of five years shall continue in force.

(1-A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the appropriate Government may refrain from fixing minimum rates of wages in respect of scheduled employment in which there are in the whole State less then one thousand employees engaged in such employment, but at any time, the appropriate Government comes to finding after such inquiry as it may make or cause to be made in this behalf that the number of employees in any scheduled employment in respect of which it has refrained from fixing minimum rates of wages has risen to one thousand or more, it shall fix minimum rates of wages payable to employees in such employment as soon as may be after such finding.

(2) The appropriate Government fix-

(a) minimum rates of wages for time-work (hereinafter referred to as "a minimum time-rate");

(b) a minimum rate of wages for piece-work (hereinafter referred to as "a minimum piece-rate");

(c) a minimum rate or remuneration to apply in the case of employees employed on piece-work for the purpose of securing to such employees a minimum rate of wages on a time-work basis (herein after referred to as "guaranteed time-rate");

(d) a minimum rate (whether a time-rate or piece-rate) to apply in substitution for the minimum rate which would otherwise be applicable, in respect of overtime work done by employees (hereinafter referred to as "over- time rate").

(2-A) Where in respect of an industrial dispute relating to the rates of wages payable to any of the employee employed in a scheduled employment, any proceeding is pending before a Tribunal or National Tribunal under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947), or before any like authority under any other law for the time being in force, or an award made by any Tribunal,

National Tribunal or such authority is in operation, and a notification fixing or revising the minimum rates of wages in respect of the scheduled employment is issued during the tendency of such proceeding or the operation of the award, then, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the minimum rates of wages so fixed or so revised shall not apply to those employees during the period in which the proceeding is pending and award therein is in operation or, as the case may be, where the notification is issued during the period of operation of an award during that period, and where such proceeding or award relates to the rates of wages payable to all the employees in the scheduled employment, no minimum rates of wages shall be fixed or revised in respect of that employment during the said period.

     (a) different minimum rates of wages may be fixed for-

     (i) different scheduled employment;

     (ii) different classes of work in the same scheduled employment;

     (iii) adults, adolescents, children and apprentices;

     (iv) different localities;

     (b) minimum rates of wages may be fixed by any one or more of the following wage-periods namely: -

      (i) by the hour,

      (ii) by the day,

      (iii) by the month, or

      (iv) by such other large wage-period as may be prescribed;

and where such rates are fixed by the day or the month, the manner of calculating wages for a month or for a day, as the case may be, may be indicated:

Provided that where any wage-periods have been fixed under section 4 of the Payment of wages Act, 1936 (IV of 1936), minimum wages shall be fixed in accordance therewith.

NOTES. - Workmen employed by owners of ferries are entitled to get minimum wages as ferries are "establishment" within the meaning of the Act: AIR 1984 SC 537.

4. Minimum rates of wages- (1) Any minimum rates of wages fixed or revised by the appropriate Government in respect of scheduled employment under section 3 may consist of-

(i) a basic rate of wages and a special allowance at a rate to be adjusted at such interval and in such manner as the appropriate Government may direct to accord as nearly as practicable with variation in the cost of living index number applicable to such workers (hereinafter referred to as the cost of living allowance) ;or

(ii) a basic rate of wages with or without the cost of living allowance and the cash value of the concession in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concession rates, where so authorized; or

(iii) an all-inclusive rate allowing for the basic rate, the cost of living allowance and the cash value of the concession, if any.

(2) The cost of living allowances and the cash value of the concessions in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concession rates shall be computed by the competent authority at such intervals and in accordance with such direction as may be specified or given by the appropriate Government.

NOTES. - Meaning of adjustment and variation used in section 4 (1) (i): Stanmore Estate v. Commissioner, (1979) 54 FJR: 23 (1979) 2 MLJ 97.s

5. Procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages. - (1) In fixing minimum rates of wages in respect of any scheduled employment for the first time under this Act or in revising minimum rates of wages so fixed, the appropriate Government shall either-

(a) appoint as many committees and sub-committees, as in considers necessary to hold inquiries and advise it in respect of such fixation or revision, as the case may be; or

(b) by notification in the official Gazette, publish its proposal for the information of persons likely to be affected thereby and specify a date, not less than two months from the date of the notification, on which the proposal will be taken into consideration.

(2) After considering the advise of the committee or committees appointed under clause (a) of sub-section (1) or as the case may be, all representation revised by it before the date specified in the notification under clause (b) of that sub-section, the appropriate Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, fix or as the case may be revise the minimum rates of wages in respect of each scheduled employment, and unless such notification otherwise provides it shall come into force on the expiry of three months from the date of its issue:

Provided that where the appropriate Government proposes to revise the minimum rates of wages by the mode specified in clause (b) of sub-section (1), the appropriate Government shall consult the Advisory Board also.

Notes. - It cannot be said that notwithstanding the specification of a date within which the representations have to be filled, the notification fixing minimum wages would be had if; the proposals are not taken up for consideration on the specified date: Malayalam Plantations Ltd. v. State of Kerala, (1976) 1 LLJ 114 (FB). Rates of minimum wages can be made to operate retrospectively: G.K.Ghose v. State of West Bengal, 1977 Lab. IC 618.
6. [Repealed by S. 5 of Act 30 of 1957.]

7. Advisory Board. -For the purpose of co-ordinating the work of committees and sub-committees appointed under section 5 and advising the appropriate Government generally in the matter of fixing and revising minimum rates of wages the appropriate Government shall appoint an Advisory Board.

NOTES. - Advisory Board cannot appoint a rival sub-committee to the one appointed by Government: State of Rajasthan v. Hari Ram Nathwani, (1975) 2 SCC 517.

8. Central Advisory Board. - (1) For the purpose of advising the Central and State Government in the matter of fixation and revision of minimum rates of wages and other matters under this Act and co-ordinating the work of the Advisory Boards the Central Government shall appoint a Central Advisory Board.

(2) The Central Advisory Board shall consist of persons to be nominated by the Central Government representing employers and employees in the scheduled employments, who shall be equal in number, and independent persons not exceeding one-third of its total number of members, one of such independent person shall be appointed the Chairman of the Board by the Central Government.

9. Composition of Committees, etc.- Each of the committee, sub-committee and the Advisory Board shall consist of persons to be nominated by the appropriate Government representing the employers and employees in the scheduled employments. Who shall be equal in number and independent person not exceeding one-third of its total number of members: one of such independent persons shall be appointed the Chairman by the appropriate Government.

(1) The appropriate Government may, at any time, by notification in; the Official Gazette, correct clerical or arithmetical mistakes in any order fixing or revising minimum rates of wages under this Act, or errors arising therein from and accidental slip or omission.

(2) Every such notification shall, as soon as may be after it is issued, be placed before the Advisory Board for information.

(2) Where it has been the custom to pay wages wholly or partly in kind, the appropriate Government, being of the opinion that it is necessary in the circumstances of; the case, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, authorize the payment of minimum wages either wholly or partly in kind.

(3) If the appropriate Government is of the opinion that provision should be made for the supply of essential commodities at concession rates, the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, authorize provision of such supplies at concession rates.

(4) The cash value of wages in kind and of concession in respect of supplies of essential commodities, at concession rates authorized under sub-sections (2) and (3) shall be estimated in the prescribed manner.

(1) Where in respect of any scheduled employment a notification under section 5 is in force, the employer shall pay to every employee engaged in scheduled employment under him wages, at a rate not less than the minimum rate of wages fixed by such notification for that class of employees in that employment without any deductions except as may be authorized within such time and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

(2) Nothing contained in this section shall the provisions of the payment of Wages Act, 1936 (IV of 1936).

(1) In regard to be any scheduled employment minimum rates of wages in respect of which have been fixed under this Act, the appropriate Government may-

(a) fix the number of hours, which shall constitute a normal working day, inclusive of one or more specified intervals:

(b) Provide for a day of rest in every period of seven days, which shall be allowed to all employees or to any specified class of employees, and for the payment of remuneration in respect of such days of rest;

(c) provide for payment for work on a day of rest at a rate not less than the overtime rate.

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, in relation to the following classes of employees, apply only to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed: -

(a) employees engaged on urgent work or in any emergency, which could not have been foreseen or prevented;

(b) employees engaged in work in the nature of preparatory or complementary work, which must necessarily be carried on outside the limits laid down for the general working in the employment concerned;

(d) employees engaged in any work, which for reason has to be employed before the duty is over;

(e) employees engaged in a work, which could not be carried on except at times dependent on the irregular action of natural forces.

(3) For the purposes of clause (c) of sub-section (2), employment of an employee is essentially intermittent when it is declared to be by the appropriate Government on the ground that the daily hours of duty as such for the employee, the hours of duty, normally, include periods of inaction during which the employee may be on duty is not called upon to display either physical or sustained attention.

14. Overtime. -(1) Where an employee, whose minimum rate of wages is fixed under the Act by the hour, by the day or by such a longer wages period as may be prescribed, works any day in excess of the number of hours constituting a normal working day, the employer shall pay him for every hour or for part of an hour so worked in excess at the overtime rate fixed under this Act or under any law of the appropriate Government for the time being in force, whichever is higher.

(2) Nothing in this Act shall prejudice the operation of the provision of section 59 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948), in any case where those provisions are applicable.

NOTES- The minimum rates of wages for overtime work need not as a matter of law be confined to double the minimum wages fixed but may justly be fixed at double the wages ordinary received by the workman as a fact: T. A. Mamjarde v. Authority under Minimum Wages Act, (1972) 2 SCC 108.

15. Wages of Worker Who Works for less than normal working day. - If an employee whose minimum rates of wages have been foxed under this Act by the day, works on; any day which he was employed for a period less than the requisite of hours constituting a normal working day, he shall, save as otherwise hereinafter provided, be entitled to receive wages in respect of work done by him on that day as if he had worked for a full normal working day:

Provide, however, that be shall not be entitled to receive wages for a full normal working day: -

(i) in any case where his failure to work is caused by his unwillingness to work and not by the omission of the employer to provide him with work, and

16. Wages for two or more classes of work. - Where an employee does two or more classes of work to each of which a different minimum rate of wages is applicable, the employer shall pay to such employee in respect of the time respectively occupied in each such class of work, wages at not less than the minimum rate in force in respect of each class.

17. Minimum time-rate wages for piecework. - Where an employee is employed on piecework for which minimum time-rate and not a minimum

piecework for which minimum time-rate and not a minimum piece-rate has been fixed under this Act, the employer shall pay to such employee wages at not less than minimum time-rate.

18. Maintenance of registers and records. - (1) Every employer shall maintain such register and records giving such particulars of employees employed by him, the work performed by them, the wages paid to them, the receipts given by them and such other particulars and in such form as may be prescribed.

(2) Every employer shall keep exhibited, in such manner as may be prescribed in the factory workshop or place where the employees in the scheduled employment may be employed, or; in the case of out-workers in such factory, workshop or place as may be used for giving out-work to them, notices in the prescribed form containing prescribed particulars.

(3) The appropriate Government may, by rules made under this Act, provide for the issue of; wage-books or wage-slips, to employees employed in any scheduled employment in respect of whish minimum rates of wages have been fixed and prescribed the manner in which entries shall be made and authenticated in such wage-books or wage-slips by the employer or his agent.

19. Inspectors. - (1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the official Gazette. Appoint such person as it thinks as it thinks fit to be Inspectors for the purpose of this Act, and define the local limits within which they shall exercise their functions.

(2) Subject to any rules made in this behalf an Inspector may within the local limits for which he is appointed.

(a) enter, at all reasonable hours, with such assistance (if any) being persons in the service of the Government or any local or other public authority, as he thinks fit, any premises or place where employees are employed or work is given out-workers in any scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this Act, for the purpose of examining any register, record of wages or notices required to be kept or exhibited by or under this Act or rules made there under and require the production there of for inspection ;

(b) examine any person whom he finds in any such premises or place and who, he has reasonable cause to believe, is an employee employed therein or an employee to whom work is given out therein;

(c) require any person giving out-work and any out-workers to give any information which is in his power to give, with respect to the names and addresses of the persons to, for and from whom the work is given out or received, and with respect to the payment to be made for the work;

(d) seize or take copies of such register, record of wages, or notices or portions there of he may consider relevant in respect of an offence under the Act which he has reason to believe has been committed by an employer; and

(3) Every Inspector shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of the Indian Code (act 45 of 1860).

(4) Any person required to produce any document or thing or to give any information by an Inspector under sub-section (2) should be deemed to be

legally bound to do so within the meaning of sections 175 and 176 of the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860).

20. Claim. - (1) The appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette. Appoint any Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation or any officer of the Central Government exercising function as a Labour Commissioner for any region, or any officer of the State Government not below the rank of Labour Commissioner or any other officer with experience as a Judge of a Civil Court or as a stipendiary Magistrate to be the Authority to hear and decide for any specified area or claims arising out of the payment of less than the minimum rates of wages in respect of the payment of remuneration for days of rest ;or for work done on such days under clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 13 or of wages at the overtime rate under section 14 to employees employed or paid in that area.

(2) Where an employee has claim of the nature referred to in subsection (1) the employee himself, or any legal practitioner or any official of a registered trade union authorized in writing to act on his behalf, or any Inspector, or any person acting with the permission of the authority appointed under sub-section (1), may apply to such Authority for a direction under sub-section (3):

Provide that every such application shall be presented within six months from the date on which the minimum wages or other amount become payable:

Provided further that any application may be admitted after the said period of six months when the applicant satisfies the Authority that he had sufficient cause for not making the application within such period.

(3) When an application under sub-section (2) is entertained, the Authority, shall hear the applicant and the employer, or them an opportunity of being heard, and after such further inquiry, if any, as it may consider necessary may, without prejudice to any other penalty to which the employer may be liable under this Act, direct-

(i) in the case of a claim arising out of payment of less than the minimum rates of wages the payment to the employee of the amount by which the minimum wages payable to him exceed the amount actually paid, together with the payment of such compensation as the Authority ;may think fit, not exceeding ten times the amount of such excess :

(ii) in any other case, the payment of the amount due to the employee together with the payment of such compensation as the Authority may think fit not exceeding ten rupees;

and the authority may direct payment of such compensation in cases where the employer pays the excess or the amount due to the employee before the disposal of the application.

(4) If the authority hearing any application under this section is satisfied that it was either malicious or vexatious, it may direct that a penalty not exceeding fifty rupees be paid to the employer by the person presenting the application.

(a) if the Authority is not a Magistrate, by the Authority as if it were a fine imposed by the Authority as a Magistrate, or

(b) if the Authority is not a Magistrate, by any Magistrate to whom the Authority makes application in this behalf, as if were a fine imposed by such Magistrate.

(7) Every Authority appointed under sub-section (1) shall have all the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), for the purpose of taking evidence and of enforcing the attendance of witnesses and compelling the production of documents and every such Authority shall be deemed to be a civil Court for all the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXXV of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898)1

NOTES-A claimant under section 20 has no right to file application under section 33C of the Industrial Disputes Act: Executive Engineer v. Syed Zainuddin, (1979) 1 APLJ 145 Scope of section 30: Anand Oil Industries v. Labour Court, AIR 1979 AP 182 (FB). Scope and applicability of section 20 (3): A.N.Kulkarni v. Pune Cantonment Board, 1980 Lab. IC 97: (1980) 56 FJR 221.

21. Single application in respect of a number of employees. - (1) Subject to such rules as may be prescribed, a single application may be presented; under section 20 on behalf or in respect of any number of employees employed in the scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed and in such cases the maximum compensation which may be awarded under sub-section (3) of section 20 shall not exceed ten times the aggregate amount of such excess or ten rupees per head, as the case may be.

(2) The Authority may deal with any number of separate pending application presented under section 20 in respect of employees in the scheduled employment in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed, as a single application presented under sub-section (1) of this section and the provisions of that sub-section shall apply accordingly.

(a) pays to any employee less than the minimum rates of wages fixed for that employee's class of work or less than the amount due to him under the provisions of this Act, or

(b) contravenes any rule or order made under section 13,
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to six months, or with fine, which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with both;
Provided that in imposing any fine for an offence under this section the Court shall take into consideration the amount of any compensation already awarded against the accused in any proceedings taken under section 20.

NOTES. -Where the owner of the hotel does and maintain attendance registers, wage payment register, etc. he is guilty of contravening the rules and is guilty: State v. Sunderlal, 1982 All Cr.Rulings 405.

22-A. General provision for punishment of other offences, - Any employer who contravenes any provision of this Act or of any rule or order made there under shall, if no other penalty is provided for such contravention by this Act, be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees.

NOTES. -A deferent sentence should be imposed in case of non-compliance of the provisions of the Act: State of Gujarat v.Punjab Tpres, 1980 Lab. IC 312.

22-B. Cognizance of offences. -(1) No Court shall take cognizance of a complaint against any person for an offence-

(a) under clause (a) of section 22, unless an application in respect of the facts constituting such offence has been presented under section 20 and has been granted wholly or in part, and the appropriate Government or an officer authorized by it in this behalf has sanctioned the making of the complaint;

(b) under clause (b), or with the section 22 or under section 22-A except on a complaint made by, or with the sanction of, an Inspector.

(a) under clause (a) or clause (b) of section 22, unless complaint thereof is made within one month of the grant of sanction under this section;

(b) under section 22 A, unless complaint thereof is made within six months of the date on which the offence is alleged to have been committed.

22-C. Offences by companies. -(1) If the person committing an offence under this Act is charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company as well as the company shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against accordingly.

Explanation. -For the purposes of this section-
(a) "company" means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals, and

22-D. Payment of undisbursed amounts due to employees. - All amounts payable by an employer to an employee as the amount of minimum wages of the employee under this Act or otherwise die to the employee under this Act or any rule or order made there under shall, if such amounts could not or cannot be paid to the employee on account of his death before payment or on account of his whereabouts not being know, be deposited with the prescribed authority who shall with the money so deposited in such manner as may be prescribed.

22-E. Protection against attachment of assets of employer with Government. - Any amount deposited with the appropriate Government by an employer to secure the due performance of a contract with that Government and any other amount due to such employer from that Government in respect of such contract shall not be liable to attachment under any decree or order of any Court in respect of any debt or liability incurred by the employer other than any;; debt or liability incurred by; employer towards any employee employed in connection with the contract aforesaid.

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (4 of 1936), the appropriate Government may, by publication in the official Gazette, direct that subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), shall or any of the provisions of the said Act, shall with the modifications, if any as may be specified in the notification, apply to wages payable to employees in such scheduled employments as may be specified in the notification.

(2) Where all or any of the provisions of the said Act are applied to wages payable to employee in any scheduled employment under sub-section (1), the Inspector appointed under this Act shall be deemed to be Inspector for the purpose of enforcement of the provisions so applied within the local limits of the jurisdiction.

23. Exemption of employer from liability in certain cases. - Where an employer is charged with an offence against this Act he shall be entitled, upon complaint duly made by him, to have any other person whom he appointed for hearing the charge; and if after the commission of the offence has been proved, the employer proves to the satisfaction of the Court-

(a) that he has used due diligence to enforce the execution of this Act, and

(b) that the said other person committed the offence in question without his other person shall he convicted of the offence and shall be liable to the like punishment as if he were the employer and the employer shall be discharged:
Provided that in seeking to prove as aforesaid, the employer may be examined on oath, and the evidence of the employer or his witness, if any shall be subject to cross-examination by or on behalf of the person whom the employer charges as the actual offender and by the prosecution.

24. Bar of suits. - No Court shall entertain any suit for the recovery of wages in so as the sum so claimed-

(a) forms the subject of an application under section 20 which has been presented by or on behalf of the plaintiff, or

(b) has formed the subject of a direction under that section in favour of the plaintiff, or

(s) Has been adjudged in any proceeding under that section not to be due to the plaintiff, or

25. Contracting out. - Any contract or agreement, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act, whereby an employee either relinquishes or reduces his right to a minimum rate of wages or any privilege or concession accruing to him under this Act shall be null and void so far as it purports to reduce the minimum rate of wages fixed under this Act.

26. Exemption and exception, - (1) The appropriate Government may. Subject to such conditions if any as it may think fit to impose, direct that the provisions of this Act shall not apply in relation to the wages pay ale to disabled employees.

(2)The appropriate Government may, if for special reasons it thinks so fit by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that subject to such conditions and for such period as it may specify, the provisions of this Act or any of them shall not apply to all or any class of employees employed in any scheduled employment or to any locality where there is carried on a scheduled employment.

(2-A) The appropriate Government may, if it is of opinion that, having regard to the terms and conditions of service applicable to any class of employees in a scheduled employments generally or in a scheduled employment in a local area, or to any establishment or a part of any establishment in a scheduled employment, it is not necessary to fix minimum wages in respect of such employees of that class or in respect of employees in such establishment or such part of any establishment as are respect of wages exceeding such limits as may prescribed in this behalf, direct, by notification in the Official Gazette. and subject to such conditions, if any as it may think fit to impose, that the provisions of this Act or any of them not apply in relation to such employees.

(3) Nothing in this Act shall apply to the wages payable by an employer to a member of this family, who is living with him and is dependent on him,

Explanation, - In this sub-section a member of the employer's family shall be deemed to include his or her spouse or child or parent or brother or sister.

27. Power of state Government to add to Schedule. - The appropriate Government, after giving by notification in the official Gazette not less than three months' notice of its intention so to do, may by like notification, add to either part of the Schedule any employment in respect of which it is of opinion that minimum rates of wages should be fixed under this Act and thereupon the Schedule shall in its application to the State be deemed to be amended accordingly.

28. Power of Central Government to give directions. -The Central Government may give directions to a State Government as to the carrying into execution of this Act in the State.

29. Power of the Central Government to make rules. -The Central Government may, subject to the condition of previous publication, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules prescribing the term of office of the members, the procedure to be followed in the conduct of business, the method of voting, the manner of filling up casual vacancies in membership and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business of the Central Advisory Board.

30. Power of appropriate Government to make rules, -(1) The appropriate Government may, subject to the condition of previous publication by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.

(2) Without prejudice to the generally of the foregoing power, such rules may-

(a) prescribe the terms of office members, the procedure to be followed in the conduct of business, the method of voting, the manner of filling up casual vacancies in membership and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business of the committees, sub-committees and the Advisory Board;

(b) prescribe the method of summoning witnesses, production of documents relevant to the subject matter of the enquiry before the committees, sub-committees and the Advisory Board;

(c) prescribe the mode of computation of the cash value of wages in kind and of concession in respect of supplies of essential commodities at concession rates;

(d) prescribe the time and conditions of payment of, and the deductions permissible from, wages;

(e) provide for giving adequate publicity to the minimum rates of wages fixed under this Act;

(f) provide for a day of rest in every period of seven days and for payment of remuneration in respect of such day;

(g) prescribed the number of hours or work which shall constitute a normal working day;

(h) prescribed the causes and circumstances in which an employee employed for a period of less than the requisite number of hours constituting a normal working day shall not be entitled to receive wages for a full normal working day:

(i) prescribe the form of registers and records to be nominated and the particulars to be entered in such registers and records;

(j) provide for the issue of wage-books and wage-slips and prescribe the manner of making and authenticating entries in wage-books and wage-slips;

(l) regulate the scale of costs that may be allowed in proceedings under section 20;

(m) prescribed the amount of court-fees payable in respect of proceedings under section 20; and

30-A. Rules made by Central Government to be laid before Parliament. -Every rule made by the Central Government under this shall be laid as soon as may be after it is made; before House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be composed in one session or in two successive sessions, and if before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be ; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of any thing previously done under that rule.

31. Validation of fixation of certain minimum rates of wages. - Where during the period-

(a) commencing on the 1st day of April, 1952, and ending with the date of commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1954 (26 of 1954); or

(b) commencing on the 31st day December, 1954, and ending with the date of the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1957 (30 of 1957); or

(c) commencing on the 31st day of December, 1959, and ending with the date on the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1961 (31 of 1961);

minimum rates of wages have been fixed by an appropriate Government as being payable to employees employed in any employment specified in the Schedule in the belief or purported belief that such rates were being fixed under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 3, as, in force immediately before the commencement of the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1954 (29 of 1954) or the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1957 (30 of 1957), or the Minimum Wages (Amendment) Act, 1961 (31 of 1961), as the case may be such rates shall be deemed to have been fixed in accordance with law and shall not be called question in any court on the ground merely that the relevant date specified for the purpose in that clause had expired at the time the rates were fixed :

Provided that nothing containing in this section shall extend or be construed to extend, or be construed to extend, to affect any person with any punishment or penalty whatsoever by reason of the payment by way of wages to any of his employees during any specified in this section of an amount which is less than the minimum rates referred to this section or reason or non-compliance during the period aforesaid with any order or rule issued under section 13.